See welken in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "welkin"
},
"expansion": "English: welkin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: welkin"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wolcnu"
},
"expansion": "Old English wolcnu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wolkn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wolkn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wulkaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wulkaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English wolcnu, plural of wolcen, wolcn, from Proto-West Germanic *wolkn, from Proto-Germanic *wulkaną.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "welken",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 20 22 14 3 3 11 8 14 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 0 4 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Atmosphere",
"orig": "enm:Atmosphere",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "97 0 3 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Weather",
"orig": "enm:Weather",
"parents": [
"Atmosphere",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The atmosphere; the area where weather happens."
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-noun-enm:sky",
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:sky"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Thus hath this piteous day a blissful end / For every man & woman doth his might / This day in mirth and revel to dispend / Till on the welkin shone the stars bright / For more solemn in every man's sight / This feast was, and greater of costage / Than was the revel of her marriage",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio liiii, verso, part 6:",
"text": "Thus hath this pytous day a blyſful ende / For euery man & woman doth hys myght / Thys daye in myrth and reuel to dyſpende / Tyl on the welken ſhone the ſterres bryght / For more ſolempne in euery mannes ſyght / Thys feeſt was, and greater of coſtage / Then was the reuel of her mariage",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The space or air surrounding the Earth or; the heavens or welkin."
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-noun-R9shOsYR",
"links": [
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
],
[
"welkin",
"welkin"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A division or layer of this space; an atmospheric region."
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-noun-qIwnZwv5"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 20 22 14 3 3 11 8 14 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cloud (mass of water droplets)"
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-noun-eg77uNFp",
"links": [
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) A cloud (mass of water droplets)"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlkən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlk(ə)nə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɔlkən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɔlk(ə)nə/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "welkne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "welkene"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wolken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wolkne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "walkyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wolkene"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "walkene"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "walkne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "walkon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "weolcne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wolcn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wlcne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "wolcnu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "walcne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "weolkne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
],
"word": "wolcne"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "welkyn"
}
],
"word": "welken"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "welk"
},
"expansion": "English: welk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: welk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "welk"
},
"expansion": "Scots: welk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: welk"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "welken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German welken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "welken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch welken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wolkn",
"t": "cloud"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "walwen",
"t": "to fade, wither"
},
"expansion": "Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wealwian"
},
"expansion": "Old English wealwian",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to or from Middle Low German welken or Middle Dutch welken, ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”). Compare also Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”), from Old English wealwian.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welkest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welkedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welketh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welkeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welkede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welketh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welkynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welkende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ywelked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "welken",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "welk"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 1 2 3 92 1 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Age",
"orig": "enm:Age",
"parents": [
"Human",
"Time",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 3 13 27 19 15",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Plants",
"orig": "enm:Plants",
"parents": [
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become dry or aged; to decay or wither (of plants or people)"
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-verb-enm:to_dry_out",
"links": [
[
"dry",
"dry"
],
[
"aged",
"aged"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
],
[
"wither",
"wither"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to dry out"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 20 22 14 3 3 11 8 14 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To crinkle or become roughened or creased."
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-verb-VPEidZg1",
"links": [
[
"crinkle",
"crinkle"
],
[
"roughened",
"roughened"
],
[
"creased",
"creased"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To crinkle or become roughened or creased."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To turn or grow desolate or lifeless."
],
"id": "en-welken-enm-verb-Tzq-ZEwS",
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
],
[
"grow",
"grow"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
],
[
"lifeless",
"lifeless"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To turn or grow desolate or lifeless."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlkən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "welkyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "welke"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "welk"
}
],
"word": "welken"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Age",
"enm:Atmosphere",
"enm:Plants",
"enm:Weather"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "welkin"
},
"expansion": "English: welkin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: welkin"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wolcnu"
},
"expansion": "Old English wolcnu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wolkn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wolkn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wulkaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wulkaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English wolcnu, plural of wolcen, wolcn, from Proto-West Germanic *wolkn, from Proto-Germanic *wulkaną.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "welken",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The atmosphere; the area where weather happens."
],
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:sky"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Thus hath this piteous day a blissful end / For every man & woman doth his might / This day in mirth and revel to dispend / Till on the welkin shone the stars bright / For more solemn in every man's sight / This feast was, and greater of costage / Than was the revel of her marriage",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio liiii, verso, part 6:",
"text": "Thus hath this pytous day a blyſful ende / For euery man & woman doth hys myght / Thys daye in myrth and reuel to dyſpende / Tyl on the welken ſhone the ſterres bryght / For more ſolempne in euery mannes ſyght / Thys feeſt was, and greater of coſtage / Then was the reuel of her mariage",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The space or air surrounding the Earth or; the heavens or welkin."
],
"links": [
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
],
[
"welkin",
"welkin"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A division or layer of this space; an atmospheric region."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"A cloud (mass of water droplets)"
],
"links": [
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) A cloud (mass of water droplets)"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlkən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlk(ə)nə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɔlkən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɔlk(ə)nə/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "welkne"
},
{
"word": "welkene"
},
{
"word": "wolken"
},
{
"word": "wolkne"
},
{
"word": "walkyn"
},
{
"word": "wolkene"
},
{
"word": "walkene"
},
{
"word": "walkne"
},
{
"word": "welkyn"
},
{
"word": "walkon"
},
{
"word": "weolcne"
},
{
"word": "wolcn"
},
{
"word": "wlcne"
},
{
"word": "wolcnu"
},
{
"word": "walcne"
},
{
"word": "weolkne"
},
{
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
],
"word": "wolcne"
}
],
"word": "welken"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Age",
"enm:Atmosphere",
"enm:Plants",
"enm:Weather"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "welk"
},
"expansion": "English: welk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: welk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "welk"
},
"expansion": "Scots: welk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: welk"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "welken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German welken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "welken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch welken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wolkn",
"t": "cloud"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "walwen",
"t": "to fade, wither"
},
"expansion": "Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wealwian"
},
"expansion": "Old English wealwian",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly related to or from Middle Low German welken or Middle Dutch welken, ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”). Compare also Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”), from Old English wealwian.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welkest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welkedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welketh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "welken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welkeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welkede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welketh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welke",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "welkynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welkende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "welked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ywelked",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "welken",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "welk"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To become dry or aged; to decay or wither (of plants or people)"
],
"links": [
[
"dry",
"dry"
],
[
"aged",
"aged"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
],
[
"wither",
"wither"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to dry out"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To crinkle or become roughened or creased."
],
"links": [
[
"crinkle",
"crinkle"
],
[
"roughened",
"roughened"
],
[
"creased",
"creased"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To crinkle or become roughened or creased."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To turn or grow desolate or lifeless."
],
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
],
[
"grow",
"grow"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
],
[
"lifeless",
"lifeless"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To turn or grow desolate or lifeless."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛlkən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "welkyn"
},
{
"word": "welke"
},
{
"word": "welk"
}
],
"word": "welken"
}
Download raw JSONL data for welken meaning in Middle English (8.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.